术语表
本附录整理了书中出现的主要术语，按主题分组，组内按英文名的字母顺序排列，并给出详细讲解该术语的章节，便于读者回查。
并发与调度
| 术语 | 章节 | English | 缩写 |
|---|
| Actor 模型 | 1.3 | Actor Model | |
| 备用信号栈 | 9.6 | Alternate Signal Stack | sigaltstack |
| 非对称协程 | 9.3 | Asymmetric Coroutine | |
| 异步信号安全 | 9.6 | Async-Signal-Safe | |
| 异步抢占 | 9.7 | Asynchronous Preemption | |
| 回边 | 9.7 | Back Edge | |
| channel | 10.1 | Channel | chan |
| 通信顺序进程 | 1.3 | Communicating Sequential Processes | CSP |
| 协作式抢占 | 9.7 | Cooperative Preemption | |
| 协程 | 9.3 | Coroutine | |
| 守护线程 | 3.6 | Daemon Thread | |
| 死锁 | 1.3 | Deadlock | |
| 直接传递 | 10.3 | Direct Handoff | |
| 边沿触发 | 9.9 | Edge-Triggered | ET |
| 完全协程 | 9.3 | Full Coroutine | |
| 函数染色 | 9.3 | Function Coloring | |
| goroutine | 9.3 | goroutine | G/g |
| goroutine 泄漏 | 9.3 | Goroutine Leak | |
| 守卫命令 | 1.3 | Guarded Command | |
| I/O 多路复用 | 9.9 | I/O Multiplexing | |
| 水平触发 | 9.9 | Level-Triggered | LT |
| 工作线程 | 9.3 | Machine | M/m |
| 主 goroutine | 3.6 | Main Goroutine | |
| 网络轮询器 | 9.9 | Network Poller | netpoll |
| 非自旋 | 9.3 | Non-spinning | |
| 非均匀访存 | 9.11 | Non-Uniform Memory Access | NUMA |
| 一次性续延 | 9.3 | One-shot Continuation | |
| 轮询 | 9.7 | Polling | |
| 抢占式 | 9.7 | Preemptive | |
| 处理器 | 9.3 | Processor | P/p |
| 会合 | 1.3 | Rendezvous | |
| 运行时 | 1.2 | Runtime | |
| 安全点 | 9.7 | Safepoint | |
| 调度器 | 9 | Scheduler | sched |
| 自管道技巧 | 9.6 | Self-Pipe Trick | |
| 信号链 | 9.6 | Signal Chaining | |
| 自旋 | 9.4 | Spinning | |
| 有栈协程 | 9.3 | Stackful Coroutine | |
| 无栈协程 | 9.3 | Stackless Coroutine | |
| 结构化并发 | 3.6 | Structured Concurrency | |
| 对称协程 | 9.3 | Symmetric Coroutine | |
| 系统监控 | 9.8 | System Monitor | sysmon |
| 系统栈 | 9.3 | System Stack | g0 |
| 模板线程 | 9.5 | Template Thread | |
| 线程本地存储 | 3.5 | Thread-Local Storage | TLS |
| 到达安全点的时间 | 9.7 | Time to Safepoint | TTSP |
| 计时器 | 9.10 | Timer | |
| 工作窃取 | 9.2 | Work Stealing | |
同步与内存模型
| 术语 | 章节 | English | 缩写 |
|---|
| ABA 问题 | 11.3 | ABA Problem | |
| 原子操作 | 11.3 | Atomic Operation | |
| 插队 | 11.2 | Barging | |
| 比较并交换 | 11.3 | Compare-And-Swap | CAS |
| 条件变量 | 11.4 | Condition Variable | |
| 共识数 | 11.3 | Consensus Number | |
| 协作式取消 | 11.8 | Cooperative Cancellation | |
| 临界区 | 11.2 | Critical Section | |
| 数据竞争 | 11.9 | Data Race | |
| 免数据竞争 | 11.9 | Data-Race-Free | DRF |
| 纪元回收 | 11.3 | Epoch-Based Reclamation | EBR |
| 伪共享 | 12.2 | False Sharing | |
| 先行发生 | 11.9 | Happens-Before | |
| 危险指针 | 11.3 | Hazard Pointer | |
| 石蕊测试 | 11.9 | Litmus Test | |
| 无锁 | 11.3 | Lock-free | LF |
| 内存屏障 | 11.9 | Memory Barrier | |
| 内存一致模型 | 11.9 | Memory Consistency Model | |
| 管程 | 1.3 | Monitor | |
| 多副本原子性 | 11.9 | Multi-Copy Atomicity | |
| 无阻碍 | 11.3 | Obstruction-free | |
| 凭空出现的值 | 11.9 | Out-of-Thin-Air Value | OOTA |
| 读-复制-更新 | 11.3 | Read-Copy-Update | RCU |
| 信号量 | 1.3 | Semaphore | |
| 程序次序先于 | 11.9 | Sequenced Before | |
| 顺序一致性 | 11.9 | Sequential Consistency | SC |
| 虚假唤醒 | 11.4 | Spurious Wakeup | |
| 存储缓冲 | 11.9 | Store Buffer | |
| 同步先于 | 11.9 | Synchronized Before | |
| victim 缓存 | 11.6 | Victim Cache | |
| 无等待 | 11.3 | Wait-free | |
| 弱序 | 11.9 | Weak Ordering | |
内存分配
垃圾回收
| 术语 | 章节 | English | 缩写 |
|---|
| 位图 | 13.5 | Bitmap | |
| 卡表 | 13.8 | Card Table | |
| 清理函数 | 13.10 | Cleanup | |
| 回收器 | 13.1 | Collector | |
| 保守式 | 13.7 | Conservative | |
| 终结器 | 13.10 | Finalizer | |
| 垃圾回收 | 13 | Garbage Collection | GC |
| 分代假设 | 13.8 | Generational Hypothesis | |
| 图泛洪 | 13.11 | Graph Flood | |
| 堆目标 | 13.3 | Heap Goal | |
| 混合写屏障 | 13.2 | Hybrid Write Barrier | |
| 存活性 | 13.1 | Liveness | |
| 标记辅助 | 13.4 | Mark Assist | |
| 标记工作者 | 13.4 | Mark Worker | |
| 标记清扫 | 13.1 | Mark-Sweep | |
| 赋值器 | 13.1 | Mutator | |
| 调步器 | 13.3 | Pacer | |
| 比例清扫 | 13.5 | Proportional Sweep | |
| 不规则屏障 | 13.6 | Ragged Barrier | |
| 可达性 | 13.1 | Reachability | |
| 引用计数 | 13.13 | Reference Counting | RC |
| 记忆集 | 13.8 | Remembered Set | |
| 请求假设 | 13.9 | Request Hypothesis | |
| 复活 | 13.10 | Resurrection | |
| 软内存限制 | 13.3 | Soft Memory Limit | |
| span 队列 | 13.11 | Span Queue | spanQueue |
| 特殊记录 | 13.10 | Special Record | special |
| 栈映射 | 13.7 | Stack Map | |
| 栈对象 | 13.7 | Stack Object | |
| 停止一切 | 13.1 | Stop the World | STW |
| 追踪 | 13.13 | Tracing | |
| 清扫 | 13.5 | Sweep | |
| 清扫代 | 13.5 | Sweep Generation | sweepgen |
| 三色抽象 | 13.1 | Tricolor Abstraction | |
| 三色不变式 | 13.1 | Tricolor Invariant | |
| 弱指针 | 13.10 | Weak Pointer | |
| 写屏障 | 13.2 | Write Barrier | WB/wb |
执行栈
| 术语 | 章节 | English | 缩写 |
|---|
| 连续栈 | 14.1 | Contiguous Stack | |
| 帧指针 | 2.2 | Frame Pointer | |
| 热分裂 | 14.1 | Hot Split | |
| 函数序言 | 2.4 | Prologue | |
| 分段栈 | 14.1 | Segmented Stack | |
| 溢出区 | 2.4 | Spill Space | |
| 栈 | 14 | Stack | |
| 栈拷贝 | 14.4 | Stack Copy | |
| 栈帧 | 2.2 | Stack Frame | |
| 栈增长 | 14.3 | Stack Growth | |
| 警戒线 | 2.4 | Stack Guard | |
| 栈指针 | 2.1 | Stack Pointer | SP |
| 栈收缩 | 14.5 | Stack Shrinking | |
| 栈展开器 | 6.3 | Unwinder | |
语言特性与编译器
| 术语 | 章节 | English | 缩写 |
|---|
| ABI 包装函数 | 2.3 | ABI Wrapper | |
| 别名声明 | 4.3 | Alias Declaration | |
| 应用二进制接口 | 2.3 | Application Binary Interface | ABI |
| 参数帧 | 15.6 | Argument Frame | |
| 自动分号插入 | 15.1 | Automatic Semicolon Insertion | |
| 基本块 | 3.2 | Basic Block | |
| 边界检查消除 | 15.3 | Bounds-Check Elimination | BCE |
| 装箱 | 4.2 | Boxing | |
| 被调方保存寄存器 | 2.4 | Callee-saved Register | |
| 调用约定 | 2.3 | Calling Convention | |
| 受检异常 | 7.1 | Checked Exception | |
| 闭包 | 6.1 | Closure | |
| 闭包上下文寄存器 | 6.1 | Closure Context Register | |
| 约束 | 8.2 | Constraint | |
| 合约 | 8.2 | Contract | |
| 核心类型 | 8.3 | Core Type | |
| 死代码消除 | 3.4 | Dead-Code Elimination | |
| 延迟位图 | 6.2 | Defer Bits | |
| 延迟语句 | 6.2 | Defer Statement | |
| 去虚化 | 15.3 | Devirtualization | |
| 字典传递 | 4.2 | Dictionary Passing | |
| 动态分派 | 4.2 | Dynamic Dispatch | |
| 错误树 | 7.2 | Error Tree | |
| 逃逸分析 | 15.5 | Escape Analysis | |
| 导出数据 | 3.2 | Export Data | |
| F-有界多态 | 8.4 | F-bounded Polymorphism | |
| 致命错误 | 6.3 | Fatal Error | |
| 一等公民 | 6 | First-class Citizen | |
| GC 形状 | 8.1 | GC Shape | |
| GC 形状模板化 | 8.1 | GC Shape Stenciling | |
| 泛型方法 | 8.4 | Generic Method | |
| 渐进式代码修复 | 4.3 | Gradual Code Repair | |
| 高阶类型 | 8.4 | Higher-kinded Type | |
| 内联树 | 15.3 | Inline Tree | |
| 内联 | 15.3 | Inlining | |
| 内联成本 | 15.3 | Inlining Cost | |
| 接口表 | 4.2 | Interface Table | itab |
| 内在函数 | 15.2 | Intrinsic | |
| 迭代稳定性 | 15.3 | Iterative Stability | |
| 叶函数 | 9.7 | Leaf Function | |
| 方法表达式 | 6.1 | Method Expression | |
| 方法集 | 4.2 | Method Set | |
| 方法值 | 6.1 | Method Value | |
| 中栈内联 | 15.3 | Mid-Stack Inlining | |
| 单态化 | 8.1 | Monomorphization | |
| 名义类型 | 4.1 | Nominal Type | |
| 不透明错误 | 7.4 | Opaque Error | |
| 开放编码式延迟 | 6.2 | Open-coded Defer | |
| 恐慌 | 6.3 | Panic | |
| 参数标签 | 15.5 | Parameter Tag | |
| 趟 | 15.2 | Pass | |
| 固定 | 15.6 | Pinning | |
| 指针检查器 | 15.4 | Pointer Checker | checkptr |
| 序言 | 15.6 | Preamble | |
| 按剖面去虚化 | 15.3 | Profile-Guided Devirtualization | |
| 性能制导优化 | 15.3 | Profile-Guided Optimization | PGO |
| 程序计数器 | 2.1 | Program Counter | PC |
| 伪寄存器 | 2.1 | Pseudo-register | |
| 递归下降 | 15.1 | Recursive Descent | |
| 寄存器 | 2.1 | Register | |
| 重写规则 | 15.2 | Rewrite Rule | |
| 哨兵错误 | 7.4 | Sentinel Error | |
| 分离编译 | 16.7 | Separate Compilation | |
| 源码稳定性 | 15.3 | Source Stability | |
| 特化 | 8.4 | Specialization | |
| 静态单赋值 | 15.2 | Static Single Assignment | SSA |
| 结构化类型 | 4.2 | Structural Typing | |
| 桩函数 | 15.6 | Stub | |
| 语法树 | 3.2 | Syntax Tree | |
| 词法单元 | 15.1 | Token | |
| 传递内联 | 15.3 | Transitive Inlining | |
| 类型定义 | 4.3 | Type Definition | |
| 类型描述符 | 4.1 | Type Descriptor | _type |
| 类型擦除 | 8.1 | Type Erasure | |
| 类型推断 | 8.3 | Type Inference | |
| 类型参数 | 8.1 | Type Parameter | |
| 类型集 | 8.3 | Type Set | |
| 合一 | 8.3 | Unification | |
| 统一 IR | 15.2 | Unified IR | |
| 降级 | 3.2 | Walk | |
| 包装函数 | 6.3 | Wrapper Function | |
| 包装 | 7.2 | Wrapping | |
数据结构
| 术语 | 章节 | English | 缩写 |
|---|
| 摊还分析 | 5.1 | Amortized Analysis | |
| 链地址法 | 5.3 | Chaining | |
| 冲突 | 5.3 | Collision | |
| 控制字 | 5.4 | Control Word | |
| 动态数组 | 5.1 | Dynamic Array | |
| 可扩展哈希 | 5.4 | Extendible Hashing | |
| 完整切片表达式 | 5.1 | Full Slice Expression | |
| 哈希洪水 | 5.3 | Hash Flooding | |
| 散列字典树 | 11.7 | Hash Trie | |
| 驻留 | 5.2 | Interning | |
| 惰性删除 | 9.10 | Lazy Deletion | |
| 装载因子 | 5.3 | Load Factor | |
| 锁分段 | 11.7 | Lock Striping | |
| 开放定址法 | 5.3 | Open Addressing | |
| 探测序列 | 5.3 | Probe Sequence | |
| 环形缓冲区 | 10.2 | Ring Buffer | |
| 时间轮 | 9.10 | Timing Wheel | |
| 墓碑 | 5.4 | Tombstone | |
模块与工具链
| 术语 | 章节 | English | 缩写 |
|---|
| 动作 | 3.1 | Action | |
| 动作图 | 3.1 | Action Graph | |
| 辅助向量 | 3.5 | Auxiliary Vector | auxv |
| 基准测试 | 16.5 | Benchmark | |
| 自举 | 3.3 | Bootstrapping | |
| 气泡 | 16.1 | Bubble | |
| 构建列表 | 17.3 | Build List | |
| 校验和数据库 | 17.4 | Checksum Database | |
| 内容寻址 | 3.1 | Content Addressing | |
| 钻石依赖 | 17.1 | Diamond Dependency | |
| 有向无环图 | 3.6 | Directed Acyclic Graph | DAG |
| 多样化双重编译 | 3.3 | Diverse Double-Compiling | DDC |
| 持久阻塞 | 16.1 | Durably Blocked | |
| 动态链接 | 3.4 | Dynamic Linking | |
| 提前截断 | 3.1 | Early Cutoff | |
| 纪元 | 16.2 | Epoch | |
| 执行追踪器 | 16.3 | Execution Tracer | |
| 不动点 | 3.3 | Fixed Point | |
| 火焰图 | 16.5 | Flame Graph | |
| 飞行记录仪 | 16.3 | Flight Recorder | |
| 模糊测试 | 16.4 | Fuzzing | |
| HDR 直方图 | 16.6 | High Dynamic Range Histogram | |
| 高保真构建 | 17.3 | High-Fidelity Build | |
| 导入兼容性规则 | 17.2 | Import Compatibility Rule | |
| 语言服务协议 | 16.7 | Language Server Protocol | LSP |
| 布局 | 3.4 | Layout | |
| 链接器 | 3.4 | Linker | |
| 低保真构建 | 17.1 | Low-Fidelity Build | |
| Mann–Whitney U 检验 | 16.5 | Mann–Whitney U Test | |
| Merkle 树 | 3.1 | Merkle Tree | |
| 最小版本选择 | 17.3 | Minimal Version Selection | MVS |
| 模块图剪枝 | 17.3 | Module Graph Pruning | |
| 目标文件 | 3.4 | Object File | |
| 局部死锁 | 16.1 | Partial Deadlock | |
| 剖面 | 16.5 | Profile | |
| 剖析 | 16.5 | Profiling | |
| 伪版本 | 17.2 | Pseudo-Version | |
| 竞态检测器 | 16.2 | Race Detector | |
| 重建判定 | 3.1 | Rebuilding | |
| 重定位项 | 3.4 | Relocation | |
| 可复现构建 | 3.1 | Reproducible Build | |
| 运行时指标 | 16.6 | Runtime Metrics | |
| 调度延迟 | 16.3 | Scheduling Latency | |
| 种子语料 | 16.4 | Seed Corpus | |
| 语义化导入版本 | 17.2 | Semantic Import Versioning | |
| 语义化版本 | 17.2 | Semantic Versioning | semver |
| 影子内存 | 16.2 | Shadow Memory | |
| 共享库 | 3.4 | Shared Library | |
| 快照 | 16.7 | Snapshot | |
| 静态链接 | 3.4 | Static Linking | |
| 静态锁排序 | 16.1 | Static Lock Ranking | |
| 子测试 | 16.4 | Subtest | |
| 符号 | 3.4 | Symbol | |
| 符号解析 | 3.4 | Symbol Resolution | |
| 表驱动测试 | 16.4 | Table-Driven Test | |
| 拓扑序 | 3.6 | Topological Order | |
| 拓扑排序 | 3.6 | Topological Sort | |
| 透明日志 | 17.4 | Transparent Log | |
| 首次使用时信任 | 17.4 | Trust on First Use | TOFU |
| 用户标注 | 16.3 | User Annotation | |
| 向量时钟 | 16.2 | Vector Clock | |
| 等待图 | 16.1 | Wait-for Graph | |
异构计算与 AI
| 术语 | 章节 | English | 缩写 |
|---|
| 算术强度 | 18.4 | Arithmetic Intensity | |
| 自回归 | 20.3 | Autoregressive | |
| 背压 | 20.3 | Backpressure | |
| 批处理 | 19.1 | Batching | |
| 字节对编码 | 20.2 | Byte Pair Encoding | BPE |
| 命令缓冲 | 19.1 | Command Buffer | |
| 连续批处理 | 20.3 | Continuous Batching | |
| 驱动 API | 18.1 | CUDA Driver API | |
| 运行时 API | 18.1 | CUDA Runtime API | |
| 当前上下文 | 19.2 | Current Context | |
| 决策点 | 21.2 | Decision Point | |
| 解码 | 20.3 | Decode | |
| 绘制调用 | 19.1 | Draw Call | |
| 易并行 | 19.3 | Embarrassingly Parallel | |
| 显式 API | 19.1 | Explicit API | |
| 外部同步 | 19.1 | External Synchronization | |
| extra M | 18.2 | Extra M | |
| 固定功能 | 19.1 | Fixed-Function | |
| 图捕获 | 18.1 | Graph Capture | |
| 运行框架 | 21.1 | Harness | |
| 宿主 | 21.2 | Host | |
| 实例化 | 19.1 | Instancing | |
| 迭代级调度 | 20.3 | Iteration-Level Scheduling | |
| KV 缓存 | 20.1 | KV Cache | |
| 启动开销 | 18.1 | Launch Overhead | |
| 主线程 | 19.2 | Main Thread | |
| Model Context Protocol | 21.2 | Model Context Protocol | MCP |
| 细腰 | 21.2 | Narrow Waist | |
| 页锁定内存 | 18.3 | Page-Locked Memory | |
| 预填充 | 20.3 | Prefill | |
| 预乘 alpha | 19.4 | Premultiplied Alpha | |
| 量化 | 20.2 | Quantization | |
| 渲染包 | 19.4 | Render Bundle | |
| 渲染管线 | 19.1 | Rendering Pipeline | |
| Roofline 模型 | 18.4 | Roofline Model | |
| 选择性批处理 | 20.3 | Selective Batching | |
| 着色器 | 19.1 | Shader | |
| 单指令多线程 | 18.4 | Single Instruction, Multiple Threads | SIMT |
| 软件渲染 | 19.3 | Software Rendering | |
| 流 | 18.1 | Stream | |
| 步长 | 20.2 | Stride | |
| 桩模型 | 21.1 | Stub Model | |
| 线程亲和 | 19.2 | Thread Affinity | |
| 分块 | 19.3 | Tiling | |
| 首词元时间 | 20.3 | Time to First Token | TTFT |
| 词元 | 20.2 | Token | |
| 分词器 | 20.2 | Tokenizer | |
| 统一内存 | 18.3 | Unified Memory | |
| 工作流 | 21.1 | Workflow | |